#@#@ Boiling Water Treatment:
## The most common way to sterilize the drinking water is to boil it. It's in use in most places of poor countries, where people can afford to pay for the 'fuel' needed (bottle gas, electricity, kerosene, wood, ...).
The probleme is that in too many houses/camps, people don't have gas bottle (to expensive), can no buy kerosene any more (oil too expensive), or have no more wood to collect/buy (deforstation), and of course electricity did not reach there place, or is much too expensive for boiling water purpose. Hundreds of millions of persons are in this kind of situation.
Giving a cheap and fuelless cooker / heater (that could also be used in cold areas to heat a room), through the use of ZPE energy will solve this main problem, and people will be able to boil daily enough water for the all familly to drink safely ... See how much reward could expect from God those who will set it up and developp its use !
## The Solar Kettle Thermo Flash by Alex KY Kee, Dec 2003, AkayConsult, Malaysia. alex@solarwyse.com ; 607-226 9192 Fax: 607-223 9071
Safe Sterilized Drinking Water with Compliments from the Sun - a case for using Solar Vacuum Glass Tube Collector Flask for the developing world
United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) estimated that 60% of rural families and 23% of urban families in developing countries are without safe water. In some areas all water supplies may be contaminated.
If a water source is suspected of being unsafe, the most common recommendation is to boil the water. This recommendation is seldom followed for several understandable reasons, the most important being the time and the amount of scarce fuel it would require.
According to UNICEF diarrhea is the most common childhood disease in developing countries. The main cause of diarrhea in developing countries is contaminated water and a lack of sanitation.
Diarrhea related dehydration is the leading cause of death in children under the age of five and annually, an estimated five million children die from it. Besides death, diarrhea is also the most common cause of child malnutrition, permanently impairing mental and physical development.
The Solution: Boiling & Pasteurization
Besides chlorination and UV disinfection, heating water to 65º C (149º F) for 6 minutes, or to a higher temperature for a shorter time, will kill all harmful germs, viruses, and parasites.
- Worms, Giardia, Entamoeba 55° C (131° F)
- Escherichia coli, Shigella, Cholera, Rotaviruses, Polioviruses 60° C (140° F)
- Hepatitis A Virus 65° C (149° F)
 
# Solar Vacuum Glass Tubes: The Econ-Eco Friendly Method
Hitherto, boiling water takes time, effort and uses up scarce fuel resources. However, with the advent of the: Solar Vacuum Glass Tube Collector (SVGTC) that delivers free solar energy generated boiling water within two hours without costing an arm or a leg. The solution to end unnecessary suffering and death from drinking microbes contaminated water is perhaps now upon us!
(to link the article above use: #BOIL)
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#@#@ Ceramic Filtration Water Treatment:
## The second more common way to clean the drinking water is the ceramic cartridge. You can find ceramic filtration sets everywhere in poor areas, because it's cheap, made in China, sold 8 USD a full set, in the township. A single ceramic cartridge, with few months lifespan, high quality from South Korea, is sold around 2 USD in retail shop (prices in South East Asia).
The problem is the filtration rate of 1/2 litre per hour only, that gives not enough flow to satisfy a whole family ! This filters use gravitation force, and are very very slow.
Need is for an instant filtration flow, at least 2L/min (120 L/hour). But houses have no pressure pumps, usually no tap water, but just reserve tanks filled at the well or communauty pump.
The need is for a pumping system that will take the dirty water from the bucket / tank to the ceramic filter, with enough pressure to give a sufficient filtered water flow at the exit of the filter system. It's quite simple if we can use electricity, a middle size aquarium DC pump should be able to do the job, but it needs electricity, and that's not common in places where we need this water filtration systems.
Giving a cheap and fuelless small water pump (and bigger size one for well pumping and / or field irrigation) through the use of ZPE will solve this second main problem
Waiting for this free energy electric motors, I thought 10 years agos to join a hand-pump to a microporous ceramic filter, to offer an intermediate solution, where instant flow of water will be obtainable, but at the cost of a small physical effort. I spend more than 2 years to confirm the efficiency of the ceramic filtration, and its fabrication process and cost, and also to design the cheapest model of hand-pump possible. After this efforts, spending all my savings, I concluded that a ceramic filter could be manufactured for 1 USD (at that time the market price for NGO was around 20 USD each cartridge ! ), and the metallic hand pump could cost, manufactured localy, 2 USD only.
For a total of 3 USD (large quantity production off course), we could give an efficient and practicable water filter to supply water to a whole family, delivering 2 litres per minute of purified water, with a capacity of 20,000 litres (100 litres per day for 6 months) ! It looks very encouraging, and even muddy water would become christal clear through the filter, and maintenance was easy and minimal.
After delivering my conclusions to hundreds chairmen of NGO, worldwide, and to many other persons involved in the field, I received many invitations to go and developp this filters in needy areas. But I needed funds, so I turned myself to the WHO (World Health Organisation in Geneva). After 2 months without answer to my mail, I had to complain a few times by phone and even to go there, to finally get an answer saying that my idea / discovery was very good and hopefull, but that the WHO could not help me financialy to developp it ! Give them a solution to their claimed 'Main source of illnesses' and they turn you back !!! What is their use actually ? Are they really working for the Good ?!
I tried one more year to find money to produce this filters, but like all big NGO where saying the same 'We have no money to help your project, but when your filters are ready, we will buy you some ...". How could I developp this humanitarian product without the help of the humanitarian themselves ?!? They broke my heart, they are more like business organizations than well hearted / objectives NGO. Give them a solution to a main problem, and they turn you back !
I was sad for the small local NGOs that wanted and needed this filters, and were ordering thousands of it to me, but without funds I couldn't make them. With a profit of 1 USD expected on each filter, I couldn't interrest the private companies to developp this filters, so after a few more months I surendered.
The lesson from my story was : Don't expect anything from the big and rich people / NGOs, YOU'LL HAVE TO DO ALL ALONE AT THE STARTING, and when you will be already successfull, then only others will come and join / supprot you. MOST people like proven success, they don't like the unknown and the efforts needed to start against the inertia of the medium ...
But by the WIll of God, after 10 years, I'm back, and with much more SOLUTIONS and knowledge to help my brothers and systers of the undevelopped but beautyfull side of the planet. Thanks to God for his Mercy on us, poor and weak creatures.
(to link the article above use: #CERAM)
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## Ceramic Water Filter http://other.cooperhewitt.org/Design/ceramic-water-filter
- Ceramic Water Filter, Cambodia
- Designers: Dr. Fernando Mazariegos, Ron Rivera (Potters for Peace), and International Development Enterprises (IDE) Cambodia
- Manufacturer: Local private factory set up by IDE
- Cambodia, 2006
- Ceramic clay, plastic container, colloidal silver paint
- Dimensions: 3.5’ h x 2’ w x 2’ d
- Ceramic Water Filter, Nepal
- Designer: IDE Nepal
- Manufacturer: Local potter set up by IDE
- Nepal, 2006
- Ceramic clay, plastic container, colloidal silver paint
- Dimensions: 3.5’ h x 2’ w x 2’ d
- Ceramic Water Filter, Nicaragua
- Designers: Dr. Fernando Mazariegos and Ron Rivera (Potters for Peace)
- Manufacturer: Filtron
- Nicaragua and Guatemala, 2006
- Local Nicaraguan terra-cotta clay, sawdust
- Dimensions: 18” h x 15” diameter
In use in: Cambodia, Guatemala, Ecuador, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Honduras, Cuba, Haiti, Mexico, India, Nepal, Indonesia (Bali), Ghana, Iraq, Myanmar, Sudan, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Vietnam.
Originally designed by Dr. Fernando Mazareigos, a Guatemalan chemist, the Ceramic Water Filter combines the filtration capability of ceramic material with the anti-bacteriological qualities of colloidal silver. This filter has basic, yet impressive, impact on the lives of the rural poor, dramatically decreasing diarrhea, days of school or work missed due to illness, and medical expenses. A sociologist and potter, Ron Rivera of Potters for Peace redesigned the filter to standardize mass production in sixteen small production facilities in fourteen different countries. It is estimated that over 500,000 people have used the filter.
(to link the article above use: #CER7)
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#@#@ Sand Filtration Water Systems:
## Make A Water Filter From Old Tires, November 21, 2006 - Tim McGee, Los Angeles
Crumb rubber, chewed up old tires, is used on athletic tracks, playgrounds, and increasingly as an alternative to mulch. Now, Dr. Yuefeng Xie, associate professor of environmental engineering at Penn State Harrisburg, has found crumb rubber makes an excellent water filter.
"My research has found that crumb rubber, derived from waste tires, can be used as a filter media," Xie explains. "The crumb rubber could be used for treating wastewater, ship ballast water, and storm water."
His research shows that the crumb rubber is more efficient than anthracite or sand filters. More traditional filters rearrange themselves to allow larger particles through at the bottom, and finer particles filtered out on top- this is exactly the opposite of what you want to have happen. The rubber keeps the large particles out on top, and thus creates a much higher throughput. The rubber filter is also lighter in weight, making it ideal for portable emergency filtration. The use of waste tires also makes this an much cheaper option, and better than sitting in a landfill.:: Penn State
(to link the article above use: #SAND)
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#@#@ Water Distillation Treatment Systems:
## Drinking Water and Electricity, Distributed Utilities, by Dean Kamen, http://www.rexresearch.com/kamen/kamen.htm
Segway Creator Unveils His Next Act ; Business 2.0 Magazine ( February 16, 2006 ) by Erick Schonfeld
Inventor Dean Kamen wants to put entrepreneurs to work bringing water and electricity to the world's poor.
San Francisco (Business 2.0) --- Dean Kamen, the engineer who invented the Segway, is puzzling over a new equation these days. An estimated 1.1 billion people in the world don't have access to clean drinking water, and an estimated 1.6 billion don't have electricity. Those figures add up to a big problem for the world --- and an equally big opportunity for entrepreneurs.
To solve the problem, he's invented two devices, each about the size of a washing machine that can provide much-needed power and clean water in rural villages. "Eighty percent of all the diseases you could name would be wiped out if you just gave people clean water," says Kamen. "The water purifier makes 1,000 liters of clean water a day, and we don't care what goes into it. And the power generator makes a kilowatt off of anything that burns."
# Light in the Darkness : Kamen is not alone in his quest. He's been joined by Iqbal Quadir, the founder of Grameen Phone, the largest cell phone company in Bangladesh. Last year, Quadir took prototypes of Kamen's power machines to two villages in his home country for a six-month field trial. That trial, which ended last September, sold Quadir on the technology.
So much so in fact that Quadir's startup, Cambridge, Mass.-based Emergence Energy, is negotiating with Kamen's Deka Research and Development to license the technology. Quadir then hopes to raise $30 million in venture capital to start producing the power machines. (With the exception of the Segway, which Kamen's own company sold, Kamen has typically licensed his inventions to others.)
The electric generator is powered by an easily-obtained local fuel: cow dung. Each machine continuously outputs a kilowatt of electricity. That may not sound like much, but it is enough to light 70 energy-efficient bulbs. As Kamen puts it, "If you judiciously use a kilowatt, each villager can have a nighttime."
A satellite picture of the earth at night shows swaths of darkness across Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. For the people living there, a simple light bulb would mean an extension of both their productivity and their leisure times.
# Entrepreneurial Power: The real invention here, though, may be the economic model that Kamen and Quadir hope to use to distribute the machines. It is fashioned after Grameen Phone's business, where village entrepreneurs (mostly women) are given micro-loans to purchase a cell phone and service. The women, in turn, charge other villagers to make calls.
"We have 200,000 rural entrepreneurs who are selling telephone services in their communities," notes Quadir. "The vision is to replicate that with electricity." During the test in Bangladesh, Kamen's Stirling machines created three entrepreneurs in each village: one to run the machine and sell the electricity, one to collect dung from local farmers and sell it to the first entrepreneur, and a third to lease out light bulbs (and presumably, in the future, other appliances) to the villagers.
Kamen thinks the same approach can work with his water-cleaning machine, which he calls the Slingshot. While the Slingshot wasn't part of Quadir's trial in Bangladesh, Kamen thinks it can be distributed the same way. "In the 21st century, water will be delivered by an entrepreneur," he predicts.
The Slingshot works by taking in contaminated water --- even raw sewage --- and separating out the clean water by vaporizing it. It then shoots the remaining sludge back out a plastic tube. Kamen thinks it could be paired with the power machine and run off the other machine's waste heat.
Compared to building big power and water plants, Kamen's approach has the virtue of simplicity. He even created an instruction sheet to go with each Slingshot. It contains one step: Just add water, any water. Step two might be: add an entrepreneur. "Not required are engineers, pipelines, epidemiologists, or microbiologists," says Kamen. "You don't need any -ologists. You don't need any building permits, bribery, or bureaucracies."
# The Price of Freedom: Still, even if some of the technical challenges have been solved ("I know the technology works and I'd fall on my sword to prove it," insists Kamen), the economic challenges still loom.
Kamen's goal is to produce machines that cost $1,000 to $2,000 each. That's a far cry from the $100,000 that each hand-machined prototype cost to build. Quadir is going to try and see if the machines can be produced economically by a factory in Bangladesh. If the numbers work out, not only does he think that distributing them in a decentralized fashion will be good business --- he also thinks it will be good public policy. Instead of putting up a 500-megawatt power plant in a developing country, he argues, it would be much better to place 500,000 one-kilowatt power plants in villages all over the place, because then you would create 500,000 entrepreneurs.
"Isn't that better for democracy?" Quadir asks. " We see a shortage of democracy in the world, and we are surprised. If you strengthen the economic hands of people, you will foster real democracy."
Lights, water, freedom. Now that's entrepreneurial.
## US Patent Application 2004/0159536 ; Locally Powered Water Distillation System ; August 19, 2004 ; Dean Kamen, et al. http://www.rexresearch.com/kamen/04159536.pdf
A system for distributed utilities including electrical power and water. A generation device is provided for converting an available resource to a desired utility; the resource may be water in which case the generator is a purifier for purifying untreated water, or alternatively, the generator may convert a fuel to electrical power. In either case, an input sensor is provided for measuring input to the generation device, while an output sensor is provided for measuring consumption of output from the generation device. The monitoring system has a controller for concatenating measured input and consumption of output on the basis of the input and output sensors. Measured parameters are telemetered to a remote site where utility generation and use are monitored and may also be controlled.
At least a portion of the electrical power capacity of the electric generation unit may power a water purification unit such as a vapor compression distillation unit, and heat input of the electric generation unit may supply heat to the water purification unit.
(to link the article above use: #DIST)
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## Ovation's "Gamma" water distiller / purifier tests well , from http://www.opensourceenergy.org/default.aspx
Ovation's "Gamma" distiller processes 22 gallons per hour, using approximately 54 watt-hours of electricity per gallon distilled, which is less than the cost of tap water in most areas.
from Press Release: MOUNT ARLINGTON, N.J. --GreenShift Corporation (OTC Bulletin Board: GSHF) today announced that its portfolio company, Ovation Products Corporation ("Ovation"), successfully tested a new production version of its patented water purification technology.
The new production version, named "Gamma" by Ovation's engineering team, is approximately three feet tall and one foot in diameter - about the size of a fire hydrant. Gamma's output water was tested and achieved the purity of distilled water. Gamma used approximately 54 watt-hours of electricity per gallon of distilled water produced, and Ovation anticipates that the production units will achieve the design goal of 40 watt-hours per gallon, which translates into an electrical energy cost of approximately $0.004 per gallon, or an amount that is less than the cost of tap water in most areas.
The Ovation Purifier : Ovation has invested over $9 million developing technology that offers dramatic price and performance advantages over competing clean water technologies. Ovation has been intensely working on finalizing the development of Gamma - a residential scale appliance designed to generate 25 gallons of pure water per hour from a variety of dirty water input sources at a cost of approximately $0.004 per gallon, or about 1.2% of the cost of traditional home distillation methods.
To achieve this small size, low cost and high efficiency, Gamma incorporates patented new implementations of a proven distillation process called vapor compression. Ovation has been granted 11 patents for its technology and system, and has filed for an additional 5 patents to date.
Distillation is the "gold standard" for water purification in that it removes bacteria, viruses, heavy metals, suspended solids and almost all chemicals. It is the single most effective method for purifying water. Other processes such as ultra filtration and reverse osmosis do not produce perfect water quality, discharge several times more wastewater, degrade over time, and require replacement of filters and cartridges. Ovation's products provide a consistent high quality output and require no filter or cartridges.
Performance Testing : Ovation tested Gamma on November 17, 2005 and achieved targeted operating parameters in a series of progressive adjustments which increased the output flow of distilled water from 12 gallons per hour to 22 gallons per hour. These results demonstrate a higher output than Ovation previously achieved from earlier designs which were more than twice the size and weight.
Ovation expects to continue to refine Gamma's operation to achieve the 25 gallon per hour benchmark but the results of the Gamma testing were sufficient to justify releasing parts orders for a pilot run of 11 Gamma units. Ovation expects that those pilot units will be assembled during the first half of 2006, and may be available for testing by existing and prospective strategic partners in the second quarter of 2006.
- Company website http://www.ovationproducts.com/
- See also http://www.greenshift.com/news.php?id=86
GreenShift Corporation Jim Grainer, 973-398-8183 Fax: 973-398-8037 investorrelations@greenshift.com ; http://www.greenshift.com/
(to link the article above use: #OV)
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## Passive Distillation / Evaporation, with WATERCONE http://www.watercone.com/product.html
The Product: A Product that enables anyone, in a most simple fashion, an independent, cheap and mobile solar Potable Water generation from sea water or brackish water on the base of condensation by solar still.
This Invention represents a conical, self-supporting and stackable Unit made from transparent, thermo-formable polycarbonate (same as water dispensers) outfitted with a screw cap spout at the tip and an inward circular collecting trough at the base. Technically speaking it is a solar still.
- 1. Pour salty / brackish Water into pan. Then float the Watercone® on top. The black pan absorbs the sunlight and heats up the water to support evaporation..
- 2. The evaporated Water condensates in the form of droplets on the inner wall of the cone. These droplets trickle down the inner wall into a circular trough at the inner base of the cone.
- 3. By unscrewing the cap at the tip of the cone and turning the cone upside down, one can empty the potable Water gathered in the trough directly into a drinking device.
Technical Information: The WATERCONE® system can be referred to as a one step water condensation process with a 40% effectiveness degree (GTZ Germany). Based on evaporation levels of 8.8 Liters per square meter (average solar irradiation in Casablanca, Morocco), the WATERCONE® (with a base diameter of 60 - 80 cm) yields between 1.0 to 1.7 Liters of condensed water per day (24 hours). The salty / brackish Water evaporates by way of solar irradiation and the condensation from that Water appears in the form of droplets on the inner wall of the cone. These droplets trickle down the inner wall into a circular trough at the inner base of the cone. By unscrewing the cap at the tip of the cone and turning the cone upside down, one can empty the potable Water gathered in the trough directly into a drinking device. Based on this concept, the cone does indeed apply innovative solutions to a problem, which has been a curse to mankind for millennia: turning salt water into potable water in an uncomplicated, cheap and swift manner. .
The WATERCONE® is a long lasting UV resistant Poly Carbonate product and can be used up to 5 years daily. The material is non-toxic, non-flammable and 100% recyclable. The black pan for the saltwater is already made out of 100% recycled PC. Even when the WATERCONE® becomes old and tarnished, it can still be used to collect rain water, as a roof panel or container for other goods. Another environmental impact is the fact that solar energy is used instead of gas, oil or electricity to desalinate seawater. In many countries, poor people cook the dirty water by burning the last remaining wood and therefore they promote the growth of deserts worldwide. The WATERCONE® could be used in these regions as well.
 
Special Thanks : The Hans-Sauer-Stiftung, http://www.hanssauerstiftung.de/, in Munich helped to finance the project. From the very beginning they believed in the idea and the product. Thank you very much for this support!
## Proposed Improvement by Dawood: adding a place to burn something to accelerate the process, could be usefull where combustible is available ( Cow dung, Cardboard, Wood, ...)
(to link the article above use: #WCON)
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#@#@ Ultra Violet Water Treatment:
# Cleaner and Safer Drinking Water, Aqua Sun International, 18 different product types, styles and voltages. , http://aquasuninternational.com/index.htm
Small Villages and Towns Program
Aqua Sun manufactures a wide range of Portable, and Stationary Solar Powered Water Purification Systems that have the capabilities of producing up to 15 gallons / 55 liters per minute and 10,000 gallons / 37,000 liters or more per day of cleaner, and safer drinking water from most any creek, stream, pond, well, lake or most any water source other than salt water. These systems are ideal for Remote, Small Villages and Towns of the World where water purification and electrical power are unattainable or impracticable. These systems come Solar Photovolatic Electrically Powered for areas without electrical power, or they can adapt to the wide range of different electrical powered voltages around the World. They come in a variety of different types of Portable Systems that are light enough in weight to be manually carried to almost any situation or designed to be trailer mounted and transported behind a vehicle. Our Stationary Units can be a wall mount system with the solar panels installed in most any convenient location.
All of Aqua Sun Systems use a Filtration Process that has the capabilities of removing Giardia Lamblia, Cyst, Pesticides, certain VOC's, THM's, BadTaste, Odors, Color and many other Harmful Chemical Contaminants down to a 0.5 Micron. The Polished Filtered Water is then channeled past an Ultraviolet Light Disinfecting Process that kills the Bacteria, Virus, Typhoid Fever, Dysentery, Cholera, Infectious Jaundice, Hepatitis, Influenza Virus, E-Coli, Enteric Fever and many other unwanted Microorganisms to 99.9% Purity.
Aqua Sun combines High Capacity Filtration and Ultraviolet Disinfecting into 2 "TWO" different sized systems whose only difference is Gallons / Liters per Minute and Filter Life Expectancy
The Larger UVBB Systems have the capabilities of Water Purification flow rates up to 15 gallons / 55 liters per minute with a 0.5 Micron Carbon Block filter life expectancy of up to 150.000 gallons / 555.000 liters.
The Smaller UV20 Systems have the capabilities of water purification flow rates up to 8 gallons / 29.6 liters per minute with a 0.5 Micron Carbon Block Filtration filter life expectancy up to 45,000 gallons / 166.50 liters
These 2 different sized Water Purification Systems come in 4 "four" Filter Housings Models
- 1 - "One" Filter Housing, Ultraviolet Lamp only. ( Center )
- 2 - "Two" Filter Housings, 0.5 Micron Carbon Block Filter & UV. ( Left Side )
- 3 - "Three" Filter Housings, Sediment Filter, Carbon Block Filter & UV. ( Right Side )
- 4 - "Four" Filter Housings, Washable Reusable Filter, Sediment, Carbon Block & UV. ( Rear )
All Water Contact Components carry a NSF Approval Rating and the Ultraviolet Light carries a Certificate of Analysis and is a Member of the Water Quality Association as well as the Filtration Components. Aqua Sun is a Member of the AMERICAN SOLAR ENERGY SOCIETY (ASES)
Example model/price - # 17 - BB3 raw UV1 : FULL HOUSE / SMALL COMMERCIAL WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEM for applications pulling water straight out of Rivers and Lakes.
Filter Components: Washable / Reusable Filter, 5.0 micron Sediment Filter, 0.5 micron Carbon Block Filter, Ultraviolet Light Disinfection System.
Voltages: U.S.- 120 or 220 volt 60 Hz, International - 220 volt 50 Hz or 12 volt DC are available.
Flow rate: 12 gallons / 44 liters per minute maximum.
Pricing: $1500.00 U.S. Funds, Free Shipping in the Continental U.S.
Aqua Sun make Solar Powered Systems since 1973 ; P.O. Box 2919 ; Minden, Nevada 89423 USA U.S. Ph: 775 / 783. 8566 U.S. "west coast" Fax: 775 / 201. 0043 U.S. "east coast" Fax: 419 / 818. 8295 U.K. Fax: 0870 - 163 - 5682 International Fax: + 44 - 870 - 163 - 5682 E-mail for more information; info@aquasuninternational.com ; Office Hours: 9am - 5pm, U.S. West Coast Time, "PST" Monday - Friday.
# For Travellers, SteriPEN - UV Water Purifier, Posted on 05.29.06 @ 10:28 am, By Andrew Liszewski http://www.ohgizmo.com/2006/05/29/steripen-uv-water-purifier/
UV light has long been used to rid drinking water of bacteria and other dangerous elements without the need for chemicals, boiling or other harsh treatments. You can now make sure the water you’re drinking is clean and sterile no matter where you are with the SteriPEN purifier. Just gently stir your glass of water with the handheld device for about a minute and your beverage will be disinfected and ready to drink. The SteriPEN is powered by 4 AA batteries and can purify about 16 oz of water at a time.
The SteriPEN is currently available from Magellan’s for about $280 (after currency conversion.)
(to link the article above use: #UV)
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## Light Filters Water, Cynthia E. Smith, Jun 8, 2007 http://other.cooperhewitt.org/Blog/light-filters-water
A low cost UV water filter is making an impact in the field. Mexican non-profit Niparaja http://www.niparaja.org teamed with AquaStar and the local Technological Institute on the design of the low cost UV Bucket http://www.niparaja.org/cubetauv water filter. AquaStar/Meridian designed the 12V ballast that powers the UV lamp inside the UV Bucket, for use with solar panels in rural areas of Baja California Sur, Mexico.
The UV Bucket combines a 5 gallon (15 liter) bucket with a UV disinfection module. The user pours the water to be treated in an upper container, the water then flows under the UV lamp at a rate of 3 liters per minute and then falls into the 15 liter bucket where it is stored, purifying a full bucket of water in 5 minutes. Niparaja is fabricating and distributing 6,000 UV Buckets for 75-100% of the rural population in the state of Baja Sur. The rural school federation of Mexico is interested in 35,000 UV Buckets for every single rural school in Mexico. And the rural store chain DICONSA under the Mexican Ministry of Social Affairs in interested in selling UV Buckets in their 22,000 rural stores nationally.
# Project’s progress: Fabrication… In January 2007, the fabrication of the first 500 UV Buckets was concluded at TECA’s workshop in La Paz. We concluded on a series of improvements to be made for the fabrication process of the next 2000 UV buckets (summer 2007). We have decided to manufacture the upper parts in plastic injection. The advantage of plastic injection is that all parts could assemble easily with “snap fit” type of assembly, meaning, no more screws or velcros or bolts… We also considered fabricating the entire lamp and ballast unit with an electronic company that could pour the epoxy resin and send us a final unit to be easily inserted in the disinfection chamber.
Visit to Guatemala… We visited 8 communities around Lake Atitlan in Guatemala during the first week of February 07. We were selected as consultant on a project between Rotary International and World Neighbors to bring clean water to this region. Three UV buckets were installed at the school and with the head of the water committee of Xejuyu, a small community of 300 families at 10 km from Lake Atitlan. The teachers and members of the water committee will be in charge of writing down observations, problems and suggestions for improvements on the UV Bucket during the next few months. We will review their comments together with them in July 2007, during our annual water conference in Lake Atitlan.
# Laboratory testing: See full results here (pdf) http://www.niparaja.org/cubetauv/documentos/BIOVIR_Report.pdf
- Reduction in bacteria E.Coli: Above 7.6 log or 99.999996% (first and mid effluent)
- Reduction in virus MS2: 3.8 log or 99.98% (first effluent) ; 4.7 log or 99.997% (mid effluent)
- Degradation of materials of UV bucket: The results of the plastic degradation are satisfactory, the disinfection chamber and bucket, made of polyethylene (food grade with additive for UV resistance) do not seem to degrade after the almost 2-year accelerated use trial. Indeed no polyethylene or related plastic compounds can be found in the analyzed samples.
However we observed a rise in the level of styrene in the water after 24 and 168h, probably due to the degradation of the upper container which is not in contact with the water. This level reaches 3.6 microg/L after 24 hours and then decreases to 0.4 microg/L after 168 hours continuous use. This maximum level is well below the USEPA drinking standard of 100 microg/L for styrene. Based on these results we will opt for the better material, polyethylene, instead of polystyrene for the upper container, for the remaining 5,500 UV Buckets.
We also detect an increase in the level of acetone after 24h reaching a concentration of 120 microg/L and then decreasing after 7 days of accelerated use at 55 microg/L. We do not know so far the origin of the acetone. Acetone is primarily used as an industrial solvent. There is currently no federal health based standard or criterion for acetone in drinking water. Mild kidney toxicity was observed at some concentrations in a rat study. Based upon this rat study, the EPA developed a non-cancer toxicity value (Reference Dose or RfD) for acetone. From the RfD, DES has derived a drinking water guideline of 6,000 microg/L. Care will be taken to rinse all plastic parts for the UV Bucket more thoroughly for the remaining 5,500 and measurements of acetone will be performed again.
# Monitoring in the field : The monitoring and evaluation of the UV Buckets in the field is a key part of this project. The monitoring plan consists of the following:
- Monthly visits to fixed beneficiaries (include interviews, observations, bacteria counts).
- Weekly random visits to beneficiaries (include observations, discussions).
- Collaboration with rural school teachers from Rural School Federation (CONAFE) to measure the impact of the project from their point of view.
- Collaboration with rural health promoters from the Ministry of Health (SSA) to measure the health impact of the UV bucket on the population (change in rate of gastro-intestinal problems in rural population).
- Collaboration with the rural stores under the Ministry of Social Affairs program (DICONSA) to report acquisition of replacement parts for UV Bucket.
The fabrication/distribution is organized in 3 campaigns (500, 2000 and 3500 UV buckets), we consider monitoring monthly 25 beneficiaries in each campaign, as presented in the table below ...
- The visits will consist of the following activities:
· Determining bacteria concentration before and after the UV bucket
· Writing observations on the condition of the UV bucket in the household
· Recording observations on water disinfection performed by the user himself with the UV Bucket
· Listening to the user and recording their problems, suggestions, ideas for improvements
· Interviewing the user on the health impact of the UV bucket in their family (occurrence of gastro-intestinal diseases before and after the UV Bucket).
For more technical details see the page http://www.niparaja.org/cubetauv/english/Technology/index.htm
(to link the article above use: #UTV5)
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#@#@ Vortex, Ultrasonic and Cavitation for Water Treatment
## Vortex Water Systems http://www.vortexwatersystems.com/index.shtml
This is not new technology. It has been around for centuries. The Greeks first used it around 2000BC. This is not a water softener. Nor is it Magic. This is: State-of-the-art Water Treatment for Rural or City applications. Used for Many Applications - Residential, Agricultural, Commercial, and Industrial.
Benefits:
- * A better tasting water.
- * No more ugly stains on shower walls and toilets.
- * White clothes can be white again.
- * Less soap and detergent required in the laundry and dishwasher.
- * Hard water spots and deposits easier to clean - less chemicals required to remove.
- * Will not harm septic systems
Research and development of vortex water systems for rural private wells has been conducted in the field since 1998. Lab experiments and research are conducted in Malmo, Sweden by a team of researchers. Hundreds of systems are in operation in the United States, ranging in application from private wells to apartment buildings and mobile home parks. The systems are designed to require little to no scheduled maintenance. The nature of the problem water defines system design, which can be modified to achieve desired results. Field experience and lab experiments have provided positive results in the eradication of E.coli, algae, fungus, molds, anaerobic bacteria, coliform, cryptosporidium, and legionella. The vortex process places bacteria and viruses under high pressure (hydrocyclones) followed by a vacuum, which causes them to disintegrate.
Iron, iron bacteria, and sulfur are easily removed without the use of chemicals and scheduled maintenance procedures.
Additional success has been realized with customized vortexing equipment for use in mixing powders, such as sugar, in health related drinks; also in mixing boric acid and other granules for a pest control spray rig.
# Current Products:
- Vortex Systems for Private Wells: Removes iron & iron bacteria & kills anaerobic bacteria commonly found in groundwater. Use less soap and detergents. Water feels smooth and clean.
- Vortex System for Municipal Water: Removes chlorine and other chemicals that are added to the water. Conditions water to use less soap and detergents. Water feels smooth and clean.
- Vent System: Removes sulfur & oxidizes iron for better removal by the vortex system.
- Sand Trap: Helps in the removal of sand and other large particles.
 
- Mixing System: Mixes sugar for soft drinks with out heat, and other granules or powder that do not totally dissolve.
Vortex Water Systems : PO Box 1295, Bandera, TX 78003
For More Information Call: 830-796-8377 Office ; 830-796-8033 Fax ; distributorship@miragewatermaker.com
(to link the article above use: #USONIC)
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## VRTX Vortex Chamber Systems http://www.vrtx-technologies.com/index.html
 
Powerful Kinetic Energy Effects Lattice Structure of Water: Tremendous force is created by the VRTX chamber causing molecules to collide in the hyper kinetic zone (see above detail). This intense zone of energy causes high temperatures and pressures with sufficient energy to effect the equilibrium of chemical equations of molecules. Microorganisms are typically incapable of surviving and mineral bonds in water are broken as they pass through the system.
Functional Diagram (above): Intake water passes through a pressure equalizing manifold, stabilization chamber and then into the VRTX proprietary chamber where:
A. It enters the VRTX chamber though the ends of opposing vortex nozzles.
B. Cone-shaped nozzles impart clockwise and counter clockwise rotation on the water.
C. Water velocity increases dramatically as it passes from the wide to narrow ends of each vortex cone.
D. Opposed streams of water meet in a circular zone of extreme energy that causes molecules to collide and shear.
E. Precipitates are removed and treated water returns.
(to link the article above use: #VRT)
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## From French company, ECOSONIC (developping also Agriculture Sound Systems) http://www.ecosonic.net/fr/prod/vortex.htm
 
Vortex Reactor for Purification and Dynamisation of water
(to link the article above use: #ECOSON)
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## Water purification according to Viktor Schauberger, by Curt Hallberg http://www.vortex-world.org/rensnurr.htm
"The principle is to lead water in a big vortex inside a tube. A large amount of the polluting particles is then gathered in the center axis of the vortex."
How it all started back in the summer of 1995. That summer we started the water purification project here in Malmö. The purpose was to investigate Viktor Schaubergers ideas on water purification. We, the Malmö group are: Curt Hallberg, Lars (Lasse) Johansson and Morten Ovesen. During winter and spring we built a lab and some production equipment for transparent barrels. A great deal of information was searched for and analyzed. We built different experimental devices, on these we will perform systematic tests.
The purpose was to verify parts of the experiments that were performed at the Technical University in Stuttgart 1952. First of all we planned to compare two different types of entrance barrels. The first type has a square shape and minimizes the creation of a vortex. The other has rotation symmetry with a smooth fitting to the tube. (see picture (2)). Tubes and hoses are identical for the both arrangements. With these two types of barrels we wanted to investigate how the shape of the inlet barrel influences the creation of vortices. We also investigated other types of water purification devices such as the Aquagyro type and other types of separation devices. Using these different devices we investigated the potential of the technique regarding purification and treatment of: fresh water, waste water and industrial process water.
Example of vortex technique: (1) the Aquagyro type, (2) the Stuttgart experimental type. (Centrum = center, utlopp = outlet, förorenat = polluted, periferi = peripheral, renare = purified, vatten = water)
The principle is to lead water in a big vortex inside a tube. A large amount of the polluting particles is then gathered in the center axis of the vortex. Changes of the chemical properties in the water have been reported i.e. changes of the content of oxygen, precipitation and bonding of metal ions. Preliminary tests indicate that a multiplied centripetal movement is applied on the media i.e. spirals within spirals. This movement creates centripetal forces that concentrate the particles in downward space spiral around the central axis.
Our intentions were to investigate these phenomena more systematically and see if we could find any useful types. Some innovations or products that uses a similar technique have not been found, but we have not yet found any systematic view over the field. Our approach was to find a complete view as possible and then continue with the most promising techniques.
Viktor Schauberger has reported light phenomena emitting from the tube, something that can derive from rotation excitation. Schauberger also build different kinds of free energy machines, all based on the spiraled shape of the movement. Our opinion is that the experiments with the water purification device can give some of the answers on how the interaction with ZPE is done.
In the future we will continuously give information on how the development work proceeds in FNYSIK and on Vortex World. An important thing is that one more research group is needed. This group should involve at least 3-4 persons. There is a need for exchanging ideas and to discuss results with accurate persons. To verify and prove the repeatability of the experiments is also of great importance. Therefore we encourage you to join a group and start to investigate these phenomena. Then we can move on in a broad front simultaneously and give each other different views and approaches.
Please contact us in the Malmö group: curt.hallberg@tele2.se direct, or via the Swedish Association for New Physics. info@newphys.se
(to link the article above use: #SCH)
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## WORLDWIDE PRIORITY! UNIQUE DEVICE FOR CLEARING AND DISINFECTION OF ALL TYPES OF WATER , By G. G. Ivanenko, Technical Director of the IER Company http://web.viapvt.sk/pminter/wip.html
Today, the company INTERENERGORESURS ltd, Slovakia (IER) with pride declares, that the works on creation of installation for disinfections and clearing of water are completely completed and the protocol of test is received, from which it is visible; Water from collector of urban dumps; the water drain, technical and industrial wastes and etc. Through 1,5 minute of work of our installation - corresponds to quality of thawed, drinking water. (Effect of thawed water, without use of technology of freezing). Specific electrical capacity necessary for disinfections and clearing of one liter of water 14 W. Besides, on installation IER - ORION WD - 15, the fantastic result on Disinfections of Silt Waste of urban clearing structures for production of complex fertilizer, unique as on quality and properties, so for the price is received. The plants can be, any capacity and restrictions on productivity is not present.
- The protocol of the test, in translation from the original. Kramatorsk City Council Municipal Production Association KPP "KRAMATORSKIY VODOKANAL"
Test Report of unit IER-ORION WD 18.5 for water disinfection. The tests were held on the territory of municipal sewage treatment plant (Kramatorsk city) by the specialists of NPO ORION Ltd. in common with specialists of Bacteriologic Researches Department (Sewage Laboratory, KPP "KRAMATORSKIY VODOKANAL")
The waste, non-chlorinated water with the output of municipal waste water factory was used as initial one (water was taken before chlorinating sector). The indices of initial water are given in Table 1. Also the sludge deposit (pulp) was processed for the destruction of helminthes ova. The results are given in Table 2. Water was processed in the unit, volume 25 liter. Time of processing - 1.5 minutes. The power consumption of the unit - 14 kw/h. The specific electric power, which is necessary for processing of 1 liter of water to the condition with necessary parameters - 14 W. The quantity of disinfected water pro hour - 1 m3. The results obtained after processing are given in Table 1. The given capacity of unit and its throughput are conditioned by the test conditions. There are no throughput restrictions for commercial units.
The indices given in Table 1 are the average value of 10 tests, the general error of repeatability was in limits of 0.1- 0.2% and depended on parameters of initial water. The tests were held according to the requirements for such tests that the copy of the certificate applied to the given report confirms.
# Table 1:
- General microbe quantity in 1ml : Before processing 37 700 ; After processing 240
- Lactose-positive intestinal bacilli (index) in 1 dm3 : Before processing 250,000 ; After processing 400
# Table 2:
- Quantity in 1 m3 : Before processing 1,500 ; After processing 10
- Viability : Before processing Full ; After processing Non-viable
The report is signed by: KPP "KRAMATORSKIY VODOCANAL" Laboratory Tester/Bacteriologic Researches Department Agarkova I.N. Chief Technologist / Kramatorsk Municipal Sewage Treatment Plant, ...
Unit for Water Cleaning IER - ORION WD15 - Principle Hydraulic Scheme
Test of installation for clearing water
1. High-pressure centrifugal pump. 2. Feeding pump. 3. Preliminary filter. 4. Tank for initial water. 5. Receiving tank. 6. Ball valve. 7. Hydrodynamic high-frequency impulse generator. 8. Ultrasonic concentrator. 9. Solenoid valve. 10. Temperature sensor. 11. Electro contact temperature sensor. 12. Electro contact pressure sensor. 13. Ball valve. 14. Heater. 15. Fine filter. 16. Clarifying filter. 17. Track membrane. 18. Adjusting ball valve. 19. Cooling jacket. 20. Emergency overheating sensor. 21. Plate heat exchanger. 22. Liquid sensor (shows the presence of liquid in system).
PRINCIPLE OF WORK AND EFFECTIVENESS:
Summarized Consumed Electric Power
1. High pressure centrifugal pump: consumed power 7,5 kW.
2. Supplying pump: consumed power 40 W.
3. Ultrasonic concentrator: consumed power 2 kW.
4. Heater: consumed power 300 W.
5. Control unit: consumed power 20 W.
Total: 7,5 + 0,04 + 2 + 0,3 + 0,02 = 9,86 kW
The device works on basis of know-how and does not use any kind of chemical reagents.
# THE ADVANTAGES OF THE PROPOSED METHOD: A unique device and system IER-ORION WD-15 for cleaning and disinfecting of all kinds of water from any natural source and deriving of water high quality, drinking, thaw water - water of long-livers, with 90% is assimilation by the cells of the human organism. (Drinking water, which we drink today, is assimilation by the cells of the human organism on 25 - 30%.) We achieve effect of thawed water, without use of technology of freezing.
The ultrasonic hydro dynamical generators (UHG) can with success be used for creation of mobile stations of clearing and disinfection of water from the hardly polluted sources up to a level of clean drinking water.
Such the mobile, small-sized stations can effectively be used in Army and Ministry of Extreme Situations, at humanitarian and ecological accidents, for supply by drinking water of personal structure, field hospitals, refugees, people without stationary housing accommodation, bath-laundries of complexes, in places of natural disasters, where are absent or the sources of drinking water are indicated in unsuitability. For successful organization of a water supply in this case, the availability of any source with not by drinking water (bog, river, lake, pools, reservoirs formed by freshet waters etc.) suffices.
The mobile station represents the self-propelled chassis (automobile, cross-country vehicle), with the memory tank, established on him 1, in which, pump 2, through the filter of rough clearing 3 begin to rock initial water from a reservoir 4. After filling a tank 4 is included high pressure the pump 5, brought in traffic by the engine 6 (in case of use of the electric motor, as the drive of the pump, the diesel engine the generator 7) is necessary.
High pressure the flow of water excites in UHG elastic harmonic of fluctuation with frequency 22 kHz, high efficiency causing complex cavitation processes in UHG. Thus there is a biological barrier, which is not allowing surviving not one of known microorganisms. After water passes through UHG, given quantity of a cycle, she already disinfections, moves on replaceable package of the filter of thin clearing with USVR (carbon mix of high reactionary ability) 8. The filter is intended for removal fine of firm particles, oleaginous of inclusions of group CH. If necessary filter of thin clearing can have a little package, with various filler for maintenance of necessary parameters of drinking water. Such mobile stations, with a tank 1m ?3 and power consumption of 4-5 kW (5-7 horse forces), are capable to be placed on the easy lorry, by carrying capacity of 1,5 tons and to process for 7-8 hours of continuous work not less than 3 m3 of water. At daily consumption of water with the person about 3 liters, will supply by drinking water 1000 persons.
In a cold season the simultaneous heating of water up to 30?? (with insignificant loss of productivity) and above is possible (probable), that can be useful at use of similar installations in field hospitals. Maximum temperature of heating of water makes 95-100 degree s, at decline of productivity at 10-12 of time.
# Use of Ultrasonic Hydrodynamic Generators in Disinfection of Silt Waste of Sewage Treatment Plants
As a result of sewage treating except water, which is disposed in the rivers, the sewage treatment plants produce silt pulp, which is pumped in special silt settling tanks. After drainaging (water removal) and drying a very valuable fertilizer (silt) is received in significant volumes and of considerable cost. The only demand to silt for its usage in agriculture is absence in it the helminthes ova. Nowadays there are two ways of solving this problem and both are ineffective.
- 1st way is to exterminate helminthes ova. In this case silt becomes usable is drooped about six years and after natural exposures such as: solar ultraviolet radiation; frost in winter; processes of rotting becomes usable.
- 2nd way is the chemical extermination of helminthes ova with the help of special chemical additives. The main defect is the high cost of chemicals that increases significantly the cost of silt and makes it non-competitive. Period of acting of chemicals is about six months. This fact makes difficult the process of realization, and also considerably reduces quality of silt because of presence in it of chemical reagent in it.
Our way of ultrasonic processing of silt pulp in a flow makes it possible to exterminate the helminthes ova for 100 % just before pumping silt to settling tanks that allows to realize fertile silt immediately after drainage. Maximum period of time before packing and shipping - 2 weeks. Thus the fertile silt of high quality and with the minimum cost price is received, that allows to realize it effectively.
Patent for invention No 282 486 November 30,2001, Slovakia. And Patent for useful model No 2437 February 10,2000, Slovakia.
(to link the article above use: #VORT)
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## Ashland Business Group Captures Water Treatment System Award http://www.jobwerx.com/news/ashland_biz-id=947741_131.html
Ultrasonic water treatment system from Ashland attains contribution toward more efficient plant operations in the chemical industry.
Using ultrasonic waves to control microbial levels in industrial water supplies earned Drew Industrial, a business group of Ashland Specialty Chemical, a division of Ashland Inc. (NYSE:ASH), the 2005 Vaaler Award presented by Chemical Processing magazine. Ashland’s SONOXIDE ultrasonic water treatment system was judged a major contribution toward more effective and efficient plant operations in the chemical industry. Ballots were cast by members of Chemical Processing magazine’s editorial board, comprised of technical professionals from a variety of scientific disciplines.
Ashland ’s SONOXIDE system uses a patented, non-chemical method to control microbial growth, preventing fouling and contamination. Water passes through the SONOXIDE system chamber, where bacterial cells are exposed to low-power, high-frequency ultrasonic energy. This energy causes a series of fatal alterations within cells, resulting in cell death. Ultrasonic energy (sound waves beyond the range of human hearing) is a safe, proven technology to control microbial growth and is used in the pharmaceutical and health care industries.
According to Len Gelosa, senior vice president, Ashland Specialty Chemical, Water Technologies, “Being one of only three companies to receive the prestigious Vaaler Award this year reflects the innovation behind this unique technology. Our investment in SONOXIDE water treatment technology demonstrates Ashland’s overall strategy to continuously improve our products and services and to provide both high performance and environmentally responsible solutions for our customers.”
For more information about SONOXIDE treatment systems, contact Marketing Services, Ashland Specialty Chemical, Drew Industrial, One Drew Plaza, Boonton, NJ, 07005; tel: (800) 526-1015 or (973) 263-7600, fax: (973) 263-4483
Drew Industrial, a business group of Ashland Specialty Chemical, is a major supplier of specialty products and services for the paint and coatings, industrial water treatment, commercial and institutional water treatment, wastewater treatment, pulp and paper processing and mining markets.
Ashland Specialty Chemical, a division of Ashland Inc., is a leading, worldwide supplier of specialty chemicals serving industries including adhesives, automotive, composites, metal casting, merchant marine, paint, paper, plastics, watercraft and water treatment. Visit www.ashspec.com to learn more about these operations.
For a safe, effective, environmentally responsible, chemical-free solution to microbiological control, SONOXIDE ultrasonic water treatment is the only solution!
(to link the article above use: #ASHL)
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## Australia might drink recycled waste water, May 27, 2006 http://www.physorg.com/news67975687.html
City officials in Goulburn, Australia, are studying whether residents will concede to use recycled effluent for drinking water, the Sydney Morning Herald reported.
If so, the federal government would spend $11 million to construct a $3 million recycling system. Goulburn is experiencing a severe drought, having received only 0.12 inches of rain in April, compared to almost 2 inches on average for the month. Pejar Dam -- the city's largest surface water storage area -- is dry.
Treated waste water would be passed through 26 filtration barriers. It would first be used for non-drinking purposes.
"If it doesn't rain it could be (used) faster, but even if it rains we will proceed with the scheme because we could be in this (water shortage) position again," Mayor Paul Stephenson told the newspaper.
Last year, Frank Sartor, the former water minister, said people who wanted mass recycling of water were "hopelessly misinformed." Sartor said it was not a practical solution because people would not accept it. Copyright 2006 by United Press International
This is a place for us to exchange thought and is public so we can communicate. Your post will be added to PhysOrgForum.
(to link the article above use: #AUS)
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## Converting Tailpipes into Water Fountains http://www.popsci.com/popsci/technology/generaltechnology/e05a7178706d8010vgnvcm1000004eecbccdrcrd.html
Modified military Humvees, now in testing, turn diesel exhaust into fresh drinking water for soldiers
If the U.S. Army's LATEST field tests pan out, its future transport vehicle will be almost as self-sustaining as a space station, enabling soldiers to survive for at least three days without supply-line support. One crucial tactical advantage over an entrenched enemy would be to make drinking water out of engine exhaust. Connecticut-based Hamilton Sundstrand, manufacturer of NASA life-support systems, along with Kentucky-based company LexCarb, has just outfitted two Humvees with 500 pounds of specialized machinery that not only recovers the water vapor naturally produced as a combustion waste product, but also makes it as clean as the water you draw from your tap.
At the core is a heavy-duty carbon filter bed, engineered by LexCarb, that filters toxins from the exhaust stream and delivers condensed water vapor to a five-gallon water tank at the truck's rear. The $2 million spent on the two prototype systems, currently undergoing testing at the Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland, makes the price of Perrier seem cheap by comparison. But, as Hamilton Sundstrand vice president Ed Francis points out, there's incalculable battlefield value to "the concept that you've carried in your water if you've carried in your fuel."
1. CATALYTIC CONVERTER : Hamilton Sundstrand has modified a conventional catalytic converter, the device in all modern vehicles that oxidizes the toxic organic compounds not combusted by the engine. The converter has a larger surface area so that fumes take longer to pass through its honeycomb structure—and get cleaner in the process.
2. HEAT EXCHANGER : The heat exchanger refrigerates the engine fumes to make the water vapor condense and collect in a receiving tank. This process separates the water from the carbon dioxide in the raw exhaust.
3. TREATMENT TANKS: The pump sends water through a bed of six activated-carbon and ion-exchange filters. The water is black before it begins the filtration process and clear by the end.
4. WATER-QUALITY SENSOR: The purification system monitors for filtration failure by continuously testing the conductivity of the water (which changes with the removal of toxins). Filters typically must be replaced after the system runs through a maximum of 75 gallons of water.
5. STORAGE TANK: After the system adds a chlorine solution to prevent bacteria and algae buildup, it collects the water in a five-gallon storage tank at the right rear of the vehicle, where soldiers draw it from a spigot. A second pump-driven spigot in the vehicle cabin draws water from the tank back through the air-conditioning unit, chilling it to decrease the chlorinated taste.
(to link the article above use: #TAIL)
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## Delft water-purification method promises radical improvement http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-06/duot-dwm062606.php
Delft University of Technology research has discovered a method that could drastically change the way we purify water within a few years. Delft, in partnership with DHV engineering bureau, has developed a compact and environmentally-friendly purification method, in which aerobic bacteria form granules that sink quickly. An important part of the project's success was the work of Delft researcher Merle de Kreuk, who, on Tuesday, 27 June, will receive her PhD degree based on this research subject.
With the new aerobic granular sludge technology (Nereda TM), aerobic (thus oxygen using) bacterial granules are formed in the water that is to be purified. The great advantage of these granules is that they sink quickly and that all the required biological purifying processes occur within these granules. The technology therefore offers important advantages when compared to conventional water purification processes. For example, all the processes can occur in one reactor. Moreover, there is no need to use large re-sinking tanks, such as those used for conventional purification. Such large tanks are needed for this because the bacteria clusters that are formed take much longer to sink than the aerobic granule sludge.
According to Delft PhD researcher Merle de Kreuk, a Nereda TM purification installation needs only a quarter of the space required by conventional installations. Moreover, Nereda TM uses 30% less energy than the normal purification process. This Nereda TM purification process is suitable for both domestic and industrial waste water. Delft University of Technology has a long tradition in researching the possibilities of water purification with aerobic granular sludge. The maturation of the technology is largely due to the research conducted by De Kreuk. During her PhD research with Prof. Mark van Loosdrecht, De Kreuk ? working together with DHV engineering bureau and supported by STOWA and STW grants ? solved various technological bottlenecks and expanded the capacity of the test installation from 3 litres per hour to 1,500 litres per hour. DHV now has the final design, which is ready for practical implementation.
The aerobic granular sludge technology is very promising, and has been nominated for the Dutch Process Innovation Award 2006. The technology is now in the commercialisation phase. In the coming years, De Kreuk will continue to contribute to the project's trajectory as a Delft researcher. DHV is currently negotiating with water purification companies to test this purification method on a larger scale. The first installations are already in use in the industrial sector.
(to link the article above use: #DEL)
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## Cleaning Up Water with Nanomagnets, Monday, November 13, 2006 http://www.technologyreview.com/NanoTech/17776/
Rust nanoparticles could help treat arsenic-contaminated drinking wells.By Duncan Graham-Rowe
It may seem an unlikely way to clean up drinking water, but scientists at Rice University, in Houston, have found that nanoparticles of rust can be used to remove arsenic with a simple wave of a magnet. Arsenic sticks to rust, says Vicki Colvin, a chemist at Rice's Center for Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology. And since rust is essentially iron oxide, it tends to be magnetic, so it can be drawn back out of the water using a low-powered magnet.
The technique holds great promise for the treatment of millions of wells currently believed to be contaminated with dangerous levels of arsenic, says Colvin. Indeed, according to the World Bank, nearly 65 million people are at risk from arsenic-related health problems, largely due to contaminated wells. The situation is so dire that it has led to the creation of a $1 million cash prize, called the Grainger Challenge, to be awarded to whoever comes up with a practical solution to removing arsenic from wells in poor countries.
It's not just an issue in developing countries, says Proctor Reid, director of programs at the National Academy of Engineering, in Washington, D.C., which set up the Grainger Challenge. "There are even arsenic-contaminated wells in New Mexico," he says.
Rust is well-known for its ability to bind to arsenic, says Scott Fendorf, a soil scientist at Stanford University. "Many of the existing techniques rely on iron oxide as a scavenger," he says. By adding nanoparticles of rust to water, the iron oxide can be even more effective, and there's no need for expensive hardware and complex machinery, says Colvin. "By going small, you get a lot of surface area, which means you need less material to treat the content."
However, until now it was thought that such particles, which are around 10 nanometers in diameter, would need powerful electromagnets to generate fields strong enough to overcome local forces acting on the tiny particles. But Colvin's team, which published its results in the journal Science, shows that even low-power magnets can do the trick. "The particles magnetically interact," she explains. This allows them to behave, at least magnetically, like a larger magnet, and therefore be influenced like one.
- Vicki Colvin http://cohesion.rice.edu/naturalsciences/chemistry/FacultyDetail.cfm?RiceID=602
- Grainger Challenge http://www.nae.edu/nae/grainger.nsf?OpenDatabase ,
- National Academy of Engineering http://www.nae.edu/nae/naehome.nsf
- Scott Fendorf ,
(to link the article above use: #NANM)
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## Sustainable Village, to buy water filtration material for NGOs at http://www.sustainablevillage.com/servlet/display/products/byCat/4/all/all/
## Alibaba.com ; Results for Water Treatment: 607 Selling Leads, 626 Products, 927 Companies http://www.alibaba.com/catalogs/1101/Water_Treatment.html
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## WorldWater & Power to Introduce New Mobile Solar Power Unit at National Hurricane Conference, March 21, 2006 http://www.renewableenergyaccess.com/rea/market/business/viewstory?id=44410
MobileMaxPure Tows into Disaster Areas to Provide Portable Electricity, Water Purification, and Telecommunications , Press Release from WorldWater & Power.
PENNINGTON, NJ WorldWater & Power Corp. (OTCBB:WWAT), developer and marketer of proprietary high-power solar systems, today announced that it will debut the company's new MobileMaxPure(tm) solar power unit at the 28th Annual National hurricane Conference to be held in Orlando, Florida, April 10 through 14. The MobilMaxPure(tm) critical response unit can be towed into a disaster area by pickup truck or SUV and immediately provide emergency responders and victims with the essential services of power generation, water purification and satellite communications.
Quentin Kelly, Chairman of WorldWater & Power, noted, "MobileMax(tm) has already proven its value in post-Katrina Waveland, Mississippi - where it is turning contaminated water into clean drinking water for 5,000 to 10,000 residents every day. The new MobileMaxPure is our second-generation device, incorporating everything required by emergency responders. During many disasters, reliable communications is one of the major problems faced in coordinating relief efforts. MobileMaxPure(tm) has solved that problem with on-board satellite-based, wireless voice and data telecommunications, and the power to operate it under the most severe field conditions. MobileMaxPure(tm) can rapidly go wherever needed and make the critical difference for people coping with disasters."
With the flip of a switch, 15 solar panels automatically unfold to create a 12x18 foot photovoltaic array that generates electricity. A bank of high-capacity batteries power the panel deployment and store electricity for emergency night operations.
Quentin Kelly, Chairman of WorldWater & Power, noted, "MobileMax(tm) has already proven its value in post-Katrina Waveland, Mississippi - where it is turning contaminated water into clean drinking water for 5,000 to 10,000 residents every day. The new MobileMaxPure is our second-generation device, incorporating everything required by emergency responders. During many disasters, reliable communications is one of the major problems faced in coordinating relief efforts. MobileMaxPure(tm) has solved that problem with on-board satellite-based, wireless voice and data telecommunications, and the power to operate it under the most severe field conditions. MobileMaxPure(tm) can rapidly go wherever needed and make the critical difference for people coping with disasters."
MobileMaxPure(tm) can pump and purify up to 30,000 gallons of water a day, meeting World Health Organization requirements for drinking water while avoiding the typical logistical issues associated with trucking in bottled water, as experienced along the Gulf coast after Katrina. MobileMaxPure(tm) pumps from streams, ponds, lakes, or from contaminated public water systems, as is often the case after hurricanes; the water is purified through a three-stage filtration process using UV purification.
At night, solar-generated electricity stored in the battery array can feed an available 5 horsepower generator to provide lighting and support other emergency operations.
About WorldWater & Power Corporation: WorldWater & Power Corporation is a full-service, international solar electric engineering and water management company with unique, high-powered and patented solar technology that provides solutions to a broad spectrum of the world's electricity and water supply problems.
CONTACT: WorldWater & Power Corporation http://www.worldwater.com/
Jessie Sullivan ; (609) 818-0700 X20 ; JSullivan@worldwater.com
(to link the article above use: #WOL)
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## New Wellness Shower Filter http://futuretechtoday.net/wellness/product/shower.htm
Did you know that your body can absorb 600% to 1,000% more contamination in a single ten-minute shower than drinking the same tap water for an entire day? Ever notice how dry your skin is after you shower and the negative effect it has on your hair? The chlorine in your water is designed to attack living organic matter and we are all living organic matter!
NOW, you can stop the harmful effects of chlorine and other contaminants in your shower by getting the NEW Wellness Shower Filter. The Wellness Shower is the only shower filter on the market that removes contaminants and also enhances the water for healthier and better-looking skin and hair. You will notice the difference after one shower.
The Wellness Shower offers maximum removal of chlorine and other contaminants for up to 24 months - two or three times longer than any other shower filter on the market. In addition, it designed to exceed the new NSF shower filter standards by over 70%.
The Wellness Media: A synergistic combination of rare Japanese minerals and far infrared emitting ceramics make the water wetter to the touch than your normal tap water. This enhanced water is absorbed by your skin more readily and produces a softer and more supple skin. The absence of chlorine coupled with the hyper absorption of its water will produce fuller, more manageable hair.
NEW - One Touch Backwash: A revolutionary built-in backwashing system allows you to quickly reverse the flow of the water going through your filter and flush out any accumulated solids that would otherwise shorten the effective life of your filter. This simple to use, patented system gives you optimum performance for 18-24 months of continuous use with each cartridge.
Wellness Shower Benefits:
- Removes chlorine, a bleaching and drying agent.
- Eliminates unpleasant odors from your water.
- Negative ions and hyper-hydration and the body in fighting common skin conditions.
- Rejuvenates and moisturizes your skin.
- Softens hair and adds luster without chemicals.
- Keeps dyed hair color for longer.
- Reduces skin dryness, flakiness and rashes.
- Transforms your shower into a spa experience!
- Easy Backwash for lasting performance
- Back Flow design - The filter does not intrude into shower stall.
- Adjustable - massaging shower head.
- Removes hazardous chlorine vapors, radon and heavy metals.
- Cartridge Life - 24,000 gallons or 18 to 24 months..
(to link the article above use: #SHOW)
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## Brief History of Water Purification, Treatment & Transport. http://www.miraculewater.com/WaterLibrary/History.html
Our Bodies are made of mostly WATER. So water is the most important thing we consume.
The early history of water treatment is still being written, as discoveries continue to document its origins. Early Egyptian paintings from the 13th and 15th centuries B.C. depict sedimentation apparatus and wick siphons, and it is speculated that the ancients utilized alum to remove suspended solids.
Historically, water was considered clean if it was clear. Hippocrates, the Father of Medicine, invented the "Hippocrates Sleeve", a cloth bag to strain rainwater, in the 5th century B.C. Perhaps one of the first filters made by man.
Skilled Roman engineers created a water supply system that delivered 130 million gallons daily through aqueducts between 343 B.C. to 225 A.D. Public Water Supply Systems were born at the end of the 3rd century B.C. in Rome, Greece, Carthage and Egypt. Storage or settling cisterns were constructed to remove silt by plain sedimentation.
# From about 500 to 1600 A.D., there was little progress in water treatment and its connection to public health.
Sir Francis Bacon, the great Elizabethan philosopher, chronicled only 10 scientific experiments in the preceding 1,000 years which related to water treatment.
# Drinking Water in the 17th and 18th Centuries
In 1680 the microscope was invented by Anton van Leeuwenhoek, and in 1685 an Italian physician named Lu Antonio Porzio designed the first multiple filter. These two unrelated events were to play important parts in the future of water treatment. Van Leeuwenhoek was accused of inaccuracy. The scientific community regarded his sketches of microscopic organisms as unimportant curiosities. Then 200 years later, the scientists of the 19th century made the connection between these "animalcules," water, and health.
Porzio's filter used plain sedimentation and straining followed by sand filtration. It contained two compartments (one downward flow, one upward). Filtration had taken a leap forwards in design and functionality.
In 1746, Parisian scientist Joseph Amy was granted the first patent for a filter design, and by 1750 his filters for home use could be purchased. The filters consisted of sponge, charcoal, and wool. Multimedia filtration &Charcoal as a filtering medium is believed to have its origins here.
# Drinking Water in the 19th and 20th Centuries.
The first water facility to deliver water to an entire town was built in Paisley, Scotland in 1804 by John Gibb to supply his bleachery and the town, and within three years, filtered water was even piped directly to customers in Glasgow, Scotland.
In 1806 a large water treatment plant began operating in Paris. The plant's filters were made of sand and charcoal and were renewed every six hours. Pumps were driven by horses working in three shifts. Water was settled for 12 hours before filtration.
In the 1870's, Dr. Robert Koch and Dr. Joseph Lister demonstrated that microorganisms existing in water supplies can cause disease. Since then, America and other countries around the world have relied on several processes of water treatment.
The U.S. Civil War interrupted the development of filtration in the United States; however once the North and South were reunited, the U.S. became a leader in the art of water treatment.
The year 1906 saw the use of ozone as a disinfectant in Nice, France. For disinfection Ozone is still perhaps the best method possible on a large scale.
In 1908 U.S. Jersey City Water Works became the first utility in America to use sodium hyperchlorite for disinfection in 1908, and the Bubbly Creek plant in Chicago instituted regular chlorine disinfection. Perhaps unknowingly they started this flawed practice that has led to more health problems than we might ever know. See the article "Chlorine, big business and a bad solution. Another poison in our water. "
Allen Hazen proved the effectiveness of filtration in 1895. The initial treatment process utilized slow sand filters to provide a more aesthetic product. Within several years filtration was recognized for removal of undesirable particles and deadly bacteria, as those communities that utilized it had fewer outbreaks of typhoid.
Significant improvements to water treatment in the latter part of the 19th century included the development of rapid sand filters, filters, improved slow sand filters, and the first applications of chlorine and ozone for disinfection. At the turn of the century, chlorination became the most popular method in the United States and numbers of typhoid dysentery and cholera case plummeted while other health problems started to rise.
In 1914, the U.S. Department of The Treasury promulgated the country's first drinking water bacteriological standard, a maximum level of 2 coliforms per 100 mL.
By the 1920's , the use of filtration and chlorination had virtually eliminated epidemics of major waterborne diseases from from the American landscape. These two decades also saw the development of dissolved air flotation, early membrane filters, floc blanket sedimentation, and the solids-contact clarifier.
# In 1940 Desalination Equipment was developed. A major step in the development of desalination technology arrived during World War II when various military establishments in arid areas required water to supply their troops.
In 1942 the U.S. Public Health Service adopted the first set of drinking water standards, and the membrane filter process for bacteriological analysis was approved in 1957.
Since in the USA 1974 enactment of the Safe Drinking Water Act, the government, the public health community, and water utilities throughout the country have worked together to safeguard the nation's drinking water supplies and to ensure that law protects public health in the best possible ways.
The later part of the 20th Century has many diverse companies seeking ways to remove all contaminates in water, even the living part of the water. Some innovative companies start to seek way's to make water better than just purification.
In 2003 MiraculeWater is incorporated and begins to market the first water processors that go beyond filtration and into enhancement of water.
(to link the article above use: #HIS)
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